Effect of functional sports on children s spatial awareness aged 6-8 years / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To examine the effect of functional sports training on the development of spatial awareness in children aged 6-8 years old,to provide a reference to improve children s ability of spatial sense.@*Methods@#A class of 125 children aged 6-8 years from first, second, and third grades of an elementary school in Zhengzhou City were conveniently selected by stratified random sampling, who were divided into the experimental group ( n =62) and the control group ( n =63) by random number tables. The experimental group received functional sports intervention for 8 weeks,3 times a week,20 min each time, and the control group received traditional sports game program.@*Results@#After the intervention,the error values of depth perception, orientation perception, and space perception in the experimertal group of 6 and 7 year old children reduced by 1.98 cm, 2.88°, and 22.00 cm (6 year old children) and 1.61 cm, 2.34°, and 17.99 cm (7 year old children) compared with the control group, respectively. Compared with those in the control group of 8 year old after the intervention, and the differences were of statistical signifiance( t =-3.07, -2.94, -3.07 ; -3.25, -3.29, -3.15, P <0.01). There was no significant difference in the error values of depth perception, orientation perception and space perception between the experimental group and the control group after intervention ( P >0.05). In the experimental group, the error values of depth perception, orientation perception and space perception reduced by 2.30 cm, 3.88°, 28.05 cm (6 year old children), 2.16 cm, 2.15°, 17.45 cm (7 year old children) and 1.16 cm, 1.81°, 9.10 cm (8 year old children) in children aged 6-8 years after intervention, significant improvement were observed compared with before intervention ( t = 8.50 , 9.04, 7.35; 7.39, 10.30, 11.05; 4.67, 4.46, 14.14, P <0.01). Compared with before the intervention, children aged 6-8 in the control group only had significant differences in space perception( t =4.13, 6.71, 8.93, P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Functional sports games can improve depth perception, orientation perception and spatial perception for children aged 6-8 years. It can be integrated into children s daily activities to play a positive role in promoting the healthy growth of children.

Effects of corneal plastic surgery on stereopsis and dynamic regulation of myopia and the mechanism of controlling myopia progression / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of corneal plastic surgery on stereopsis and dynamic regulation of myopia and the mechanism of myopia.Methods From March 2015-March 2016,83 cases (166 eyes) myopia children in our hospital were subjected to corneal plastic surgery.The naked eye distant visual acuity,naked eye near visual acuity,naked eye near stereoscopic sharpness,dynamic adjustment function [Near point of accommodation (NP),adjusted sensitivity (AF),negative relative adjustment (NRA),positive relative adjustment (PRA)] and intraocular pressure,anterior chamber depth,central corneal thickness and axial length of children before wearing glasses,wearing glasses 6 months later,wearing glasses 12 months later were compared.Results The distant and near visual acuity,AF and PRA of naked eyes after 12 months wearing glasses were higher than those after 6 months wearing glasses,and all the above indexes were higher than those before wearing glasses,with statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).After 12 months wearing glasses,the acuity of naked near stereopsis,NP and NRA were lower than those after 6 months wearing glasses,and all the above indexes 6 months after wearing glasses were lower than those before wearing glasses (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in intraocular pressure,anterior chamber depth,central corneal thickness and axial length between children before wearing glasses,6 months after wearing glasses and 12 months after wearing glasses (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Corneal plastic surgery can significantly correct the visual acuity of children,improve their stereovision,control the progression of myopia,improve the ocular adjustment function of children,and its safety is high.

Long-term Surgical Outcomes of Initial Postoperative Overcorrection in Adults with Intermittent Exotropia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between initial postoperative overcorrection and long-term surgical success in exotropia patients. METHODS: The medical records of 46 patients who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia after the age of 18 were enrolled. Enrolled patients also had at least 2 years of postoperative follow-up. Based on the initial postoperative deviation at distance measured by prism and the alternating cover test at 1 week, patients were assigned to one of the following groups: group A included patients who demonstrated any esodeviation, while group B included patients who showed orthophoria to exodeviation of 10 prism diopters. The records were analyzed to determine the preoperative deviation with stereoacuity and postoperative deviations with stereoacuity at the follow-up examinations at the following intervals: 1 week; 1, 3, and 6 months; and 1 and 2 years. A comparison between groups for demographic data and preoperative and postoperative angles of deviation was performed using analysis of variance. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients with intermittent exotropia included in this study, 18 (39%) belonged to group A, while 28 (73%) belonged to group B. The postoperative angle of deviation for distant fixation until 2 years of follow-up showed statistically significant differences in each group (p < 0.003 in all comparisons). The amount of exodrift until 2 years in group A (from −9.7 ± 6.1 to 1.6 ± 3.7) was greater than that in group B (from 2.0 ± 2.7 to 6.8 ± 5.6). The long-term surgical success rate within 2 years of surgery was significantly better in group A than in group B (p = 0.027). The number of patients with intermittent diplopia and the duration of diplopia were greater in group A (n = 8) than in group B (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term surgical success was achieved in 89% of patients who were initially overcorrected. Overcorrection of an average of 10 prism diopters at the first postoperative week was found to be associated with a more favorable long-term surgical outcome.

Stereopsis before and after Inferior Oblique Weakening Surgery

PURPOSE: To analyze stereopsis change before and after inferior oblique weakening surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 31 patients who had undergone inferior oblique weakening surgery. The factors analyzed included sex, age at surgery, preoperative and postoperative visual acuity (VA), time from first detection to surgery, degree of inferior oblique overaction (IOOA), primary/secondary IOOA, exotropia/hypertropia, bilaterality, and type of surgery. RESULTS: Eighteen patients with a mean age 7.3 ± 3.1 years exhibited stereopsis of 60 arc seconds or better before surgery and 17 had stereopsis better than 60 arc seconds after surgery. Postoperatively, stereopsis improved in 13 patients and deteriorated in 9. Better preoperative VA and the absence of superior oblique underaction were associated with better preoperative stereopsis. Better preoperative VA, postoperative VA, and the presence of head tilt were associated with better postoperative stereopsis. Unilateral inferior oblique weakening surgery and accompanying hypertropia were associated with improved stereopsis, while the absence of hypertropia was associated with deteriorated stereopsis. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, 58.1% of patients tended to have bifoveal fixation. When a vertical deviation is present in the primary position due to unilateral IOOA, IO weakening surgery can be expected to improve binocular function.

A percepção da profundidade ou relevo da máscara côncava e convexa / The perception of depth or relief of hollow and convex face / La percepción de profundidad o relieve de la máscara hueca y convexa

Investigou-se a percepção monocular da profundidade ou relevo de máscaras policromadas objetivas côncava e convexa. Participaram do estudo 40 estudantes, que julgaram a profundidade ou relevo da máscara côncava e da máscara convexa. Mais da metade dos observadores, 67%, realizaram ou tenderam a realizar a inversão monocular da profundidade. Quando solicitados a avaliar em centímetros a distância da ponta do nariz da máscara à sua base, as maiores extensões foram designadas à máscara convexa, comparativamente à côncava. Porém, a inversão visual da profundidade de concavidades não foi afetada pela posição de apresentação das máscaras (vertical ou invertida) ou pela direção da fonte de iluminação incidente sobre elas (de cima ou por baixo). Os resultados confirmam que, na percepção de faces, o processo de alta ordem se sobrepõe ao processo de baixa ordem e que a ilusão da máscara côncava é um instrumento eficaz na verificação da percepção de profundidade.

It was investigated the monocular perception of depth or relief of objective concave and convex masks. The study included 40 students, who judge the depth or relief of a concave and a convex mask. More than half of observers, 67%, performed the monocular depth inversion. When asked to evaluate the distance in centimeters from the tip of the nose to the base of the mask, the major extensions were appointed to the convex mask, compared to concave. However, the visual inversion of depth of the concavities was not affected by the position of the masks (vertical or inverted) or by the direction of the light source incident on them (from top or bottom). The results confirm that in the face perception, the top-down process overlaps the bottom-up process and that the hollow-face illusion is an effective instrument in depth perception verification.

Se investigó la percepción monocular de profundidad o relieve de máscaras huecas y convexas objetivas. En el estudio participaron 40 estudiantes que juzgaron la profundidad o relieve de máscaras huecas y convexas. Más de la mitad de los observadores, el 67%, realizó la inversión monocular de la profundidad. Cuando se les pidió para evaluaren la distancia en centímetros desde la punta de la nariz hasta la base de la máscara, las más grandes extensiones fueron nombradas a la máscara convexa, en comparación con la máscara hueca. Sin embargo, la visual inversión de la profundidad de los huecos no ha sido afectada por la posición de presentación de las máscaras (vertical o invertida) o por la dirección de la fuente de luz incidente sobre ellas (desde arriba o abajo). Los resultados confirman que la percepción de las caras, los procesos de orden superior se superponen los procesos de orden inferior y la ilusión de la máscara hueca es una herramienta eficaz en la verificación de la percepción de profundidad.

The relationship between color vision discrimination ability and depth perception among university students / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Abstract? AIM: To evaluate the relationship between color discrimination ability ( CDA) and depth perception among university students with normal color vision.?METHODS:A total of 52 students, 33 males ( 63.46%) and 19 females (36.54%) from Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, aged 21.18 ±2.52y included in this study. Subject has normal visual acuity ( 20/20 ) and without congenital color vision deficiency ( CCVD ) . They were evaluated by Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate Test (IPPT).Dominant eye (DE) was determined using the Gundogan Method. The CDA was examined by Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test ( FM100HT ) test for detecting total error score ( TES ) and local error score ( LES) for two eyes ( TE) open, the right eye ( RE) open and the left eye ( LE) open.The error scores were divided into the three groups: for the TE, for the dominant eye ( DE ) and for the non -dominant eye ( NDE ) . The presence of the binocularity and stereoscopic sensitivity ( SS ) were investigated by TNO test which were also divided into four groups according to the level of SS within a range of 480-15 arc/s.?RESULTS:The error scores of FM100HT without gender difference for TES, blue/yellow( b/y) LES and red/green (r/g) LES were found 61.22±30.32(58.50), 35.80±19.32 (36.50) and 25.42 ±14.65 (24.00) respectively.In male subjects (n=31) were found 67.45±29.95 (61.00), 40.25± 18.83 (39.00) and 27.19 ±14.30 (24.00) respectively.In female subjects (n=19) were found 51.05±28.84 (47.00), 25.52±18.32 (28.00) and 22.2±31.13 (23.00) respectively. Females had higher CDA than males according FM100HT error scores. CDA classification according to FM100HT were found to be higher ( 6%, TES=0-20 ) , medium (86%, TES=20-100), lower (8%, TES>100), the medium level was statistically more frequently observed (P<0.05). The r/g color LES for DE and NDE were 24.12±14.70 and 32.20±14.21, b/y color LES for DE and NDE were 34.68 ± 1.95 and 36.24±17.56 respectively.In female (n=19) r/g color LES for DE and NDE were 21.89 ±15.06 and 31.00 ± 22.42;in male (n=31) 25.48±14.55 and 32.93±17.31.In female (n=19) b/y color LES for DE and NDE were 29.63± 18.62 and 33.42±17.38; in male (n=31) 37.77±18.78 and 37.96±17.73 respectively.All students'TES of TE, DE and NDE subgroups and stereopsis level of were compared, the differences were not statistically significant ( P=1 ) . According to our research CDA and binocular depth perception does not effect on each other.?CONCLUSION: In normal subjects TES of FM100HT showed that no difference in the subject with different stereopsis level and the depth perception evaluated by TNO test which is based on color dissociation and the ability to color discrimination was not correlated. Our previous study DE's CDA was found superior to the NDE's.But in the presenting study showed that DE was not superior to NDE in terms of depth perception.

Effect of monocular depth perception on accommodative response / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Different depthes or distances are prompted with many visual cues on the flat screen.Which kind of depth cues plays a major role in the accommodation of human eyes,in addition,whether this effect exists in the different distance are still below understood.Objective This study was to research the effect of the monocular space depth perception on accommodative response at different distances,and to analyze the effect of linear perspective and size-constancy perceptual depth cues on the level and amplitude of accommodative fluctation.Methods Four groups of visual targets were designed by FLASH software and placed at the front of eyes with the distance of 50 cm or 33.3 cm,representing static change from far to near and dynamic change from far to near,from near to far respectively.Twenty-six healthy volunteers aged 22-26 years were included in this study,with the spherical power of (-4.06± 1.99) D and cylindrical power of (-0.38±0.41) D under the informed consent.The accommodative response and accommodative fluctuations during monocularly watching the targets were recorded at 5 times/second by Grand Seiko WAM 5500 automatic infrared refractor.This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Wenzhou Medical University,and written informed consent was obtained from each subject before entering the study group.Results At the distance of 50 cm,the accommodative response caused by the depth perception of near was (1.52±0.46) D,the one of distance was (1.37±0.46) D,with a significant difference of 0.15 D under the combined effect of linear perspective and size-constancy (P =0.016).The accommodative response caused by the depth perception of big car was (1.43 ± 0.35) D,and the one of small car was (1.43 ± 0.36) D,without statistically significant difference under the effect of size-constancy alone (P =0.467).At the distance of 33.3 cm,the accommodative response caused by the depth perception of near was (2.40±0.53)D,and the one of distance was (2.35 ±0.51) D,without significant difference under the combined effect of linear perspective and size-constancy (P=0.379).The accommodative response caused by the depth perception of big car was (2.38±0.48)D,the one of small car was (2.39±0.52)D,without statistically significant difference under the effect of size-constancy alone (P =0.820).In addition,the total curve of accommodative microfluctuation showed apparent fluctuation periodically caused by the distance perception involving linear perspective only.Conclusions Monocular space depth perception has some impacts on the accommodative response at certain distance.Linear perspective,which is one of the depth cues of space perception,plays a major role in the accommodative response.Compared with the size-constancy,linear perspective can provide depth perception at higher level.The size-constancy has a little or contrast impact to the accommodation,because it depends on the assistance from other depth cues like linear perspective.

Effect of Watching 3-Dimensional Television on Refractive Error in Children

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of watching 3-dimensional (3D) television (TV) on refractive error in children. METHODS: Sixty healthy volunteers, aged 6 to 12 years, without any ocular abnormalities other than refractive error were recruited for this study. They watched 3D TV for 50 minutes at a viewing distance of 2.8 meters. The image disparity of the 3D contents was from -1 to 1 degree. Refractive errors were measured both before and immediately after watching TV and were rechecked after a 10-minute rest period. The refractive errors before and after watching TV were compared. The amount of refractive change was also compared between myopes and controls. The refractive error of the participants who showed a myopic shift immediately after watching TV were compared across each time point to assure that the myopic shift persisted after a 10-minute rest. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 9.23 ± 1.75 years. The baseline manifest refractive error was -1.70 ± 1.79 (-5.50 to +1.25) diopters. The refractive errors immediately after watching and after a 10-minute rest were -1.75 ± 1.85 and -1.69 ± 1.80 diopters, respectively, which were not different from the baseline values. Myopic participants (34 participants), whose spherical equivalent was worse than -0.75 diopters, also did not show any significant refractive change after watching 3D TV. A myopic shift was observed in 31 participants with a mean score of 0.29 ± 0.23 diopters, which resolved after a 10-minute rest. CONCLUSIONS: Watching properly made 3D content on a 3D TV for 50 minutes with a 10-minute intermission at more than 2.8 meters of viewing distance did not affect the refractive error of children.

Three theories for reconciling the linearity of egocentric distance perception with distortion of shape on the ground plane

The focus here is on the paradoxical finding that whereas visually perceived egocentric distance is proportional to physical distance out to at least 20 m under full-cue viewing, there are large distortions of shape within the same range, reflecting a large anisotropy of depth and frontal extents on the ground plane. Three theories of visual space perception are presented, theories that are relevant to understanding this paradoxical result. The theory by Foley, Ribeiro-Filho, and Da Silva is based on the idea that when the visual system computes the length of a visible extent, the effective visual angle is a non-linear increasing function of the actual visual angle. The theory of Durgin and Li is based on the idea that two angular measures, optical slant and angular declination, are over-perceived. The theory of Ooi and He is based on both a default perceptual representation of the ground surface in the absence of visual cues and the "sequential surface integration process" whereby an internal representation of the visible ground surface is constructed starting from beneath the observer's feet and extending outward.

New evidence of visual space anisotropy with auto-stereograms

Numerous research efforts have been directed toward determining the origin of anisotropies of visual space, in contrast to real space. Recent neurophysiological studies have placed the origin in the primary visual cortex (V1) or beyond. The present study sought to provide new psychophysical evidence of the origin of these anisotropies using auto-stereograms as visual stimuli in a relative depth judgment task. The observers were presented with a hidden three-dimensional shape that consisted of two pairs of parallel line segments that were located in different depth planes and oriented at 0º (horizontal line segments), 45º, and 90º (vertical line segments). The influence of orientation on the visual performance of five observers was evaluated. The encountered differences at 45º compared with cardinal orientations revealed a non-conclusive trend toward a negative impact of oblique orientation on the observers' performance. Significant differences were found in accuracy between the horizontal and vertical orientations, and the best scores corresponded to vertical line segments. This finding may be interpreted as the expression of vertical-horizontal anisotropy in depth. The perception of hidden three-dimensional shapes in auto-stereograms occurs beyond the primary visual cortex in the dorsal stream, and the present findings provide psychophysical evidence of the location of vertical-horizontal anisotropy in non-retinotopic areas beyond V1.

The hollow-face illusion monocularly observed in a box / A ilusão da máscara côncava observada monocularmente em uma caixa

Under monocular conditions, 40 students observed the reverse of polychrome and monochrome masks and judged them to be concave, convex or flat. The mask was presented upright and illuminated from above, below, right and left and in the upside down position illuminated from below. The magnitude of the perceived depth or relief was estimated using a retractable tape measure. Regardless of color, lighting and orientation, the majority of responses indicated that the hollow masks were perceived to be convex. No significant differences were observed between the depth or convexity of the metric magnitudes and scalar magnitudes of the concave masks in relation to variations in the light source direction, color, and position. The illusory depth, seeing the concave mask as convex, is a robust phenomenon that suggests the predominant role of higher-order processes over the low-order processes in visual face perception...

Em condição de observação monocular, 40 estudantes universitários julgaram como côncavo, plano ou convexo os reversos de uma máscara monocromada e de uma policromada, iluminados por cima, por baixo, pela direita e pela esquerda, na posição vertical, e na posição invertida com iluminação por baixo. A magnitude da profundidade percebida foi estimada por meio de uma trena retrátil. Independentemente da cor, da iluminação e da orientação das máscaras, a maioria das respostas indicou que os reversos das máscaras foram percebidos como convexos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as magnitudes escalares e métricas de profundidade ou relevo das máscaras côncavas em relação às variações da direção da fonte de iluminação, cor e posição. A máscara côncava percebida ilusoriamente como convexa é um fenômeno robusto que sugere atuação predominante de processos de alta ordem sobre os processos de baixa ordem na percepção visual de faces...

Clinical research on preoperative and postoperative stereopsis of intermittent exotropia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the surgery timing for patients with intermittent exotropia.Methods Far and near stereopsis of 36 patients with intermittent exotropia were measured preoperative and postoperative six months respectively,and the results were analyzed.Results Near stereopsis were measured preoperative in 30 cases (83.3％,30/36) with intermittent exotropia.But far stereopsis were measured preoperative in 7 cases (19.4％,7/36) with intermiuent exotropia.There was statistic significance (P ＜0.05).Near stereopsis were measured preoperative in 30 cases (83.3％,30/36) with intermittent exotropia and postoperative in 35 cases (97.2％,35/36).There was statistic significance (P＜0.05).Far stereopsis were measured preoperative in 7 cases (19.4％,7/36) with intermittent exotropia and postoperative in 14 cases (38.9％,14/36).There was statistic significance (P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Far stereopsis would be an important factor to choice the surgery timing for patients with intermittent exotropia.Operation is beneficial to restore far and near stereopsis.

An evaluation of estimation methods for determining addition in presbyopes / Avaliação de diferentes métodos para determinar adição em présbitas

PURPOSE: The optical correction of presbyopia must be handled individually. Our aim was to compare the methods used in addition to the refractive near vision, with the final addition used in presbyopic patients. METHODS: Eighty healthy subjects with a mean age of 49.7 years (range 40 to 60 years) were studied. Tentative near additions were determined using four different techniques: one-half amplitude accommodation with minus lenses (AAL); one-third accommodative demand with positive lens (ADL); balanced range of accommodation with minus and positive lenses (BRA) and crossed cylinder test with initial myopisation (CCT). The power of the addition was then refined to arrive at the final addition. RESULTS: The mean tentative near additions were lower than the final addition for ADL and BRA addition methods. The mean differences between tentative and final additions were low for all the tests examined (less than 0.25 D). The intervals between the 95% limits of agreement differed substantially and were always higher than ±0.50 D. CONCLUSION: All the methods used displayed similar behavior and provided a tentative addition close to the final addition. The coefficient of agreements (COA) detected suggests that every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient.

OBJETIVO: A correção óptica da presbiopia deve ser manejada individualmente. Nosso intuito é de comparar os métodos usados para calcular a adição na elaboração do grau para perto em pacientes présbitas. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes com média de idade de 49,7 anos (intervalo de 40 a 60 anos) foram estudados. Adições provisórias foram determinadas usando quatro diferentes técnicas: metade da amplitude de acomodação com lentes negativas (AAL); um terço da demanda acomodativa com lentes positivas (ADL); média aritmética da acomodação usando lentes positivas e negativas (BRA); teste com o cilindro cruzado com miopização (CCT). O grau final foi refinado até chegar a graduação final da adição. RESULTADOS: A média das adições nos testes foram menores que as adições finais nos métodos ADL e BRA. As diferenças médias entre os testes e o grau final foram baixas em todos os métodos (menores que +0,25 D). Os intervalos entre os 95% dos limites da concordância diferenciaram substancialmente e foram todos maiores que ±0.50 D. CONCLUSÃO: Todos os métodos usados demonstraram comportamentos similares e forneceram resultados bem próximos da adição final. O coeficiente de concordância (COA) detectado, sugere que todos os métodos utilizados devem ser ajustados de acordo com as necessidades do paciente.

Traumatic avulsion of extraocular muscles: case reports / Avulsão traumática de músculos extraoculares: relatos de casos

We described the clinical, surgical details and results (motor and sensory) of the retrieving procedure of traumatically avulsed muscles in three patients with no previous history of strabismus or diplopia seen in the Department of Ophthalmology, State University of Campinas, Brazil. The slipped muscle portion was reinserted at the original insertion and under the remaining stump, which was sutured over the reinserted muscle. For all three cases there was recovery of single binocular vision and stereopsis.

Foram descritos os quadros clínicos, detalhes cirúrgicos e resultados (motores e sensoriais) da reinserção de músculos traumaticamente avulsionados, em três pacientes sem estória prévia de estrabismo ou diplopia, atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A porção muscular deslizada foi reinserida na linha da inserção original e sob o coto remanescente, o qual foi acomodado e suturado sobre o músculo reinserido. Para os três casos houve recuperação da visão binocular única e da estereopsia.

Criação, implementação e avaliação de um recurso didático multimídia como suporte para o ensino da neuroanatomia: realidade virtual e estereoscópica / Construction, implementation and evaluation of a multimedia tool as a teaching aid of Neuroanatomy: virtual reality and stereoscopic vision

Esta tese teve como objetivo apresentar o processo de construção, aplicação e avaliação de uma ferramenta para o ensino da neuroanatomia, acessível a partir de computadores pessoais, imersiva, interativa, foto-realística e que permita visão tridimensional e estereoscópica. Quarenta encéfalos frescos foram obtidos no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos de São Paulo (SVO-SP) e submetidos às técnicas de fixação, conservação, injeção vascular, coloração de substância cinzenta, dissecação de fibras brancas, terebintina e clareamento ósseo, conforme sua finalidade, no laboratório de Técnica Cirúrgica e Cirurgia Experimental da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Imagens das áreas de interesse foram capturadas utilizando-se uma plataforma giratória manual construída para este fim. As imagens foram processadas com softwares comercialmente disponíveis (Photoshop CS5; Stereo Photo Maker;VRWorx2.6 para Windows) em formato não linear, interativo, tridimensional e estereoscópico, e armazenadas em um banco de 5.337 imagens finais. O recurso didático foi aplicado a 84 graduandos do curso de medicina, divididos em três grupos: convencional (grupo1), interativo não estereoscópico (grupo2) e interativo estereoscópico (grupo3), cujas médias na avaliação do conhecimento prévio não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (P > 0,05). A ferramenta foi avaliada através de uma prova teórica e prática. Verificou-se que os Grupos 2 e 3 apresentaram as maiores médias e diferiram estatisticamente do Grupo 1 (P < 0,05); o Grupo 2 não diferiu estatisticamente do Grupo 3 (p > 0,05), mostrando resultado do treinamento semelhante na prova teórica. Observando-se os Tamanhos do Efeito, verificou-se que esses foram de grande magnitude, indicando uma efetividade do treinamento dos alunos. Os resultados da ANOVA mostraram que existe diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre as médias dos grupos, e por meio do teste de Tukey observou-se que existe diferença estatística entre o Grupo 1 e os demais (P < 0,05)...

This thesis aims to show the process of the construction, implementation and evaluation of a tool for teaching neuroanatomy. The tool presented is accessible from personal computers, immersive, interactive, and allows photorealistic three-dimensional and stereoscopic vision. Forty fresh brains were obtained from the São Paulo Department of Death Records (SP-DDR- Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos de São Paulo (SVO-SP)) and subjected to fixation, conservation, vascular injection, staining of gray matter, white fiber dissection, turpentine and bleaching bone techniques, as needed, at the Surgical Technique and Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of São Paulo (Laboratório de Técnica Cirúrgica e Cirurgia Experimental da Universidade de São Paulo- USP). Images of areas of interest were captured using a manual turntable built for this purpose. The images were processed with commercially available software (Photoshop CS5; Stereo Photo Maker; VRWorx2.6 for Windows) non-linear format, interactive, three-dimensional stereoscopic and stored in a database of 5337 final images. The teaching resource was applied to 84 undergraduate medical students, divided into three groups: conventional (group 1), interactive non-stereoscopic (group 2) and interactive stereoscopic (group 3). Averages on the assessment of prior knowledge did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among groups. The tool was evaluated through a written theory test and a lab practical. Groups 2 and 3 showed the highest averages and differed significantly from Group 1 (P < 0.05), Group 2 did not differ statistically from Group 3 (p > 0.05), revealing a result of similar training on the written theory test. Observing the Effect Sizes, it was found that those were of great magnitude, indicating student training effectiveness. ANOVA results showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between group means, and the Tukey test showed statistical difference between Group 1 and the others (P < 0.05). On the lab...

Study on the steropsis in children after unilateral cataract extraction / 中国医师杂志

Objective To asses stereoacuity and the factors that influence stereopsis in children after unilateral cataract extraction.Methods Sixty-two children who were diagnosed as unilateral cataract and underwent cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation were included in this study.Data are recorded on age at presentation and the surgery,the presence of strabismus,the refractive error,and the best corrected distant visual acuity (BCDVA) of both eyes and stereoacuity.Sixty-two patients were followed up for 14 ～ 60 months.Results Sixty-two patients were divided into two groups according to stereoacuity.Thirty-one patients in group A achieved stereopsis better than 400 s of arc.Group B had 31 patients whose stereoacuity was poorer than 400 s of arc.The mean age at presentation and surgery were 4.6 ± 3.4 and 6.3 ±4.5 years in group A and 2.1 ±2.1 and 2.4 ±2.2 years in group B.51.6％ of patients in group A achieved a BCDVA of 20/40 or better,but in group B,only 6.5％ of patients achieved a BCDVA of 20/40.Those who had strabismus after cataract surgery were 6.5％ in group A and 35.5％ in group B.There was statistically significant difference in age at presentation and the surgery (t =4.03,4.53,P ＜0.01),good BCDVA(x2 =15.34,P ＜ 0.01) and absence of strabismus (x2 =7.88,P ＜ 0.01) between two groups.Conclusions Stereopsis can develop in children after pediatric unilateral cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation.Good stereoacuity is correlated with later manifesting cataracts,absence of strabismus and good BCDVA.

Função visual de crianças pseudofácicas por catarata infantil / Visual Function in pseuphakic children with Pediatric cataract

OBJETIVO: O tipo de ambliopia mais grave é o de privação, deste a causa mais comum é a catarata congênita. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a função visual binocular de crianças operadas de julho de 2006 a junho de 2008 por cataratas da infância (congênita ou infantil). MÉTODOS: Todas as crianças possuíam idade acima de 4 anos, operadas em idade tardia. Foram avaliadas 6 crianças e realizados testes de acuidade visual, motilidade ocular extrínseca, testes de Titmus e Luzes de Worth (perto e longe). RESULTADOS: A média da idade do diagnóstico da catarata foi de 5,58 anos e o da primeira cirurgia de 8,83 anos. Cinquenta e 67 por cento das crianças alcançaram acuidade visual pós-operatória maior que 0,4 em olhos direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. Apenas uma criança não apresentou estereopsia e fusão aos testes de função sensorial. Todas as demais apresentaram fusão às luzes de Worth. No teste de Titmus, 2(33,3 por cento) apresentaram estereopsia grosseira e 3(50 por cento) boa ou ótima. Houve diferença estatísticamente significante (p=0,043) entre as acuidades visuais pré e pós- operatórias entre os olhos. CONCLUSÃO: Assim, neste estudo as crianças portadoras de catarata congênita ou infantil precoce de desenvolvimento lento e de catarata infantil tardia, apresentaram bom prognóstico visual após cirurgia com implante de lente intraocular no mesmo tempo cirúrgico, mesmo em idade avançada.

OBJECTIVE: The privation ambliopia is the worst type of all. Among these, the most common cause is congenital cataract.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the visual function of children who had surgery between July 2006 and June 2008 for pediatric cataract. METHODS: All children were above 4 years old and had surgery at advanced age.We evaluated 6 children and submitted them to visual acuity, extrinsic ocular movement,Titmus and Worth lights tests. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 5,58 years old and at the first surgery was 8,83 years old. Fifty and 67 percent of children achieved post operative visual acuity above 0,4 in right and left eyes, respectively. Just one (16,7 percent) child did not achieve stereopsy and fusion on the sensorial function tests.The others presented fusion on Worth light test. At Titmus test, 2(33,3 percent) showed gross stereopsy and 3(50 percent) good. There was statistically significant difference between pre and post visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Therefore, in this study, children with congenital or pediatric cataract whith late development showed a good visual prognosis after surgery using intraocular implans lens, even at advanced age.

Clinical observation on binocular vision in patients with vertical muscle paralysis / 中华全科医师杂志

t affect the near stereopsis, showing that increasing vertical fusion range shouled be a compensation for maintaining the binocular vision caused by vertical deviation.

The role of vertical disparities in the oblique effect

A great deal of studies using different visual tasks (e.g., Vernier acuity tasks, tilt illusion, crowding, etc) have revealed that our perception is strongly influenced by the orientation of the stimulus. Most studies have investigated visual acuity in two-dimensional visual spaces (2D) but little is known about the effect of line orientation in depth perception (3D). In one experiment, Vernier Acuity (VA) in frontoparallel (2D) and medial (3D) planes was investigated. We used a virtual reality setup inducing inter-ocular disparities to simulate a 3D visual space, and a common computer screen to present stimuli in the frontal plane. In the experiment, by using the method of constant stimuli, the observer compared VA in the 2D and 3D visual spaces as a function of the stimulus orientation. Results showed that only judgments in the 3D condition were affected by the well-known 'oblique effect', and some impairment in stereoacuity (lines in depth plane) in comparison to 2D acuity (lines in frontal plane) was observed. We attributed the cause for such deterioration in stereoacuity to changes in vertical disparities.

INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF STEREOSCOPIC VISION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL / 解放军医学杂志

An examination was conducted with holographic stereopsis test instrument on the stereoscopic vision function of 341 military personnel in different services. 94.7 percent of the total examined enjoyed normal stereopsis acuity. The pilots obtained the far most satisfactory result. One hundred percent of them were up to normal standard in terms of both far and near visions and stereopsis acuity. Meanwhile, 94.6 percent of the vehicle drivers examined also had normal stereopsis acuity. This percentage was higher compared with 83.78 percent of the civilian personnel of the same occupation. The above results indicate that the stereopsis function of personnel in military services is in good condition, and such examination is very effective and necessary as part of the physical examinations in conscription to assure the standard of the service men.